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Medical Education

In 18th-century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris, and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at King's College （now Columbia University）, the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine. Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty （formerly of King's College） was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University.

In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions Of learning went together with the development of proprietary （私營的） schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had low standards and poor facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association （AMA） and the Association of American Medical Colleges （AAMC） laid. down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, connection with teaching hospitals and licensing of medical practitioners （開業(yè)醫(yī)師） that survive to this day.

By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 142 4-year medical colleges recognized by the Liaison （聯(lián)絡） Committee on Medical Education to offer the M.D. degree; during the 1987-88 academic year, 47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship （實習期）, receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners.

6 In 18th-century America, higher institutions of learning that taught medicine

A did not exist.

B were few in number.

C were better than those in Europe.

D were known for their teaching hospitals.

7 Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in America

A had established professionals.

B had good facilities.

C had high standards.

D were in poor conditions.

8 The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to

A recruit more students.

B set up more schools of medicine.

C ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice.

D prevent medical schools from making huge profits.

9 After a year of internship medical graduates can start to practice

A if they have worked in a laboratory.

B if they have studied abroad for some time.

C if they have obtained an M.D. degree.

D if they have passed an examination.

10 This passage is mainly about

A how medicine is taught in America.

B how medical education has developed in America

C how the American educational system works.

D how one can become a good doctor.

參考答案:6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. B