“全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語寫作之濫用抗生素的危害”相信是準(zhǔn)備參加醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)一考試的朋友比較關(guān)注的事情，為此，醫(yī)學(xué)教育網(wǎng)小編整理內(nèi)容如下：

請(qǐng)大家在 50 分鐘之內(nèi)，按全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語統(tǒng)考作文的要求完成下面的作文。

Part V   Writing （20%）

Directions： In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.

濫用抗生素的危害抗生素濫用已成為世界范圍內(nèi)公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的重大問題。除污染環(huán)境、威脅人體健康外，因產(chǎn)生耐藥性而出現(xiàn)的 “超級(jí)細(xì)菌”，是目前最令人擔(dān)心的問題。

開發(fā)一個(gè)新藥一般需要 10 年左右時(shí)間，而一代耐藥菌的產(chǎn)生往往只需要兩年?？股貫E用情況加重，最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致“超級(jí)細(xì)菌”橫行。按照目前耐藥情況的發(fā)展趨勢，我國很有可能成為最先陷入超級(jí)細(xì)菌頻生、最終無抗生素可用境地的國家之一。因?yàn)榧?xì)菌變異速度太快，一些國家不得不通過政府出資來推動(dòng)解決這一問題。

專家說，盡管地表水中抗生素的濃度比醫(yī)用劑量低得多，但長期不間斷地排放，會(huì)污染地下水和土壤，進(jìn)而污染食物。人和動(dòng)物置身其中，很可能感染耐藥菌。

有關(guān)資料顯示，截至 2017 年我國 7 歲以下兒童因?yàn)椴缓侠硎褂每股卦斐?a href="http://mississippidebtrecovery.com/jibing/erlong/" target="_blank" title="耳聾" class="hotLink" >耳聾的數(shù)量多達(dá) 30 萬人，占耳聾兒童總數(shù)的 30%～40%，而一些發(fā)達(dá)國家卻只占 0.9%.據(jù)調(diào)查，農(nóng)村是抗生素濫用的重災(zāi)區(qū)，不論是養(yǎng)殖業(yè)還是醫(yī)療用藥，都普遍存在盲目使用抗生素的問題。濫用抗生素會(huì)損傷肝腎，產(chǎn)生不良反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致人體菌群失調(diào)免疫力下降。

一般說來，濫用抗生素有四大危害。

第一，毒副作用。

是藥三分毒，應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵照醫(yī)囑服藥，切不可盼復(fù)心切，擅自加大抗菌藥物 （包括抗生素和人工合成的抗菌藥，如氟哌酸） 的藥量，否則很可能損傷神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、腎臟、血液系統(tǒng)。尤其是對(duì)肝腎功能出現(xiàn)異常的患者，更要慎重。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，一般來說，輕度上呼吸道感染選用口服抗生素即可，但很多人卻選擇了靜脈輸液，這無形中也增加了出現(xiàn)副作用的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

第二，過敏反應(yīng)。

多發(fā)生在具有特異性體質(zhì)的人身上，其表現(xiàn)以過敏性休克最為嚴(yán)重。青霉素、鏈霉素都可能引發(fā)，其中青霉素最常見也更為嚴(yán)重。過敏反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重時(shí)可能致命。

第三，二重感染。

當(dāng)用抗菌藥物抑制或殺死敏感的細(xì)菌后，有些不敏感的細(xì)菌或霉菌卻繼續(xù)生長繁殖，造成新的感染，這就是 “二重感染”。這在長期濫用抗菌藥物的病人中很多見。因此治療困難，病死率高。

第四，耐藥。

由于細(xì)菌的進(jìn)化永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)停止，因而對(duì)任何抗生素都會(huì)有產(chǎn)生耐藥性的可能。抗菌藥物的濫用正讓我們付出巨大的代價(jià)，藥品不良反應(yīng)、藥源性疾病大量增加，越來越多的細(xì)菌對(duì)抗藥品的能量不斷增大。而且由于藥物長期刺激，使一部分致病菌產(chǎn)生變異、成為耐藥菌株。這種耐藥性既會(huì)被其他細(xì)菌所獲得，也會(huì)遺傳給下一代。“超級(jí)細(xì)菌” 很大程度上就是抗菌藥物濫用催生出來的。如果這種情況繼續(xù)惡化下去，很可能使人類面臨感染時(shí)無藥可用的境地。

文章的標(biāo)題怎么寫？

這篇文章的中文標(biāo)題是 “濫用抗生素的危害”，用英文我們可以寫成：Hazards of Antibiotic Abuse這個(gè)標(biāo)題中，hazards 也可以寫成 dangers.在既往的輔導(dǎo)中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)有同學(xué)竟然不知道“濫用”用英語怎么說，只好寫成 overuse（過度使用），寫完作文一查詞典，才知道“濫用”是 abuse. abuse蘊(yùn)含了兩層意思：一是“使用過度”，二是“使用混亂”，所以overuse還不完全等同于overuse.到了考場上，遇到關(guān)鍵詞不會(huì)寫怎么辦？第一不要慌，第二要想辦法變通。abuse（濫用）這個(gè)詞不會(huì)，用 overuse（過度使用）來替代，確實(shí)意思有偏差，比較勉強(qiáng)，但是如果我們 overuse 的在后面追加一個(gè) misuse（亂用），overuse and misuse 雙劍合璧，大體上也敵得過 abuse 了。

關(guān)于作文的標(biāo)題，記住兩點(diǎn)：如果中文原文有標(biāo)題，那我們的作文也應(yīng)該擬一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的英文標(biāo)題；英文標(biāo)題中，除了介詞，其他所有單詞都應(yīng)首字母大寫。另外，如果介詞的長度大于五個(gè)字母，也要大寫，比如between雖然是介詞，但是由于長度過長，所以大寫。

接下來，就把“抗生素濫用”這個(gè)主題的作文給大家劃個(gè)重點(diǎn)，希望能就這個(gè)話題能幫大家準(zhǔn)備充分。從定義、現(xiàn)狀、原因、危害、舉措這個(gè)五個(gè)方面為大家整理了實(shí)用的、可套用的句子。這些句子全部選自主流外媒，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、地道。還是那句話，萬一考到，有備無患。

“抗生素濫用”的定義

Antibiotic misuse， sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse， refers to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics， with potentially serious effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the development of antibiotic resistance， including the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria， informally called “super bugs”， which can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.

Antibiotics are mant for use， not abuse.多棒的句子！

“抗生素濫用”的現(xiàn)狀

Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most pressing health problems. According to a recent survey， up to one-third to one-half of antibiotic use in humans is unnecessary or inappropriate. The rapid emergence of resistant bacteria is occurring worldwide， endangering the efficacy of antibiotics， which have transformed medicine and saved millions of lives. Many decades after the first patients were treated with antibiotics， bacterial infections have again become a threat. Antibiotics are drugs used for treating infections caused by bacteria. Also known as antimicrobial drugs， antibiotics have saved countless lives. Misuse and overuse of these drugs， however， have contributed to a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance. This resistance develops when potentially harmful bacteria change in a way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of antibiotics. Antibiotics have been commonly available since the 1940s， and have done wonders at saving patients with infections ranging from pneumonia to sexually spread diseases. But bacteria have increasingly gained the power to shrug off antibiotics.

“抗生素濫用”的原因

The overuse of antibiotics—especially taking antibiotics even when they're not the appropriate treatment—promotes antibiotic resistance. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention， up to 1/3 to 1/2 of antibiotic use in humans is unnecessary or inappropriate. Experts say chances of resistance increase when antibiotics are not used long enough or are taken for the wrong reasons， allowing bacteria to survive and adapt. Livestock producers routinely give antibiotics to animals to make them grow faster or help them survive crowded， stressful， and unsanitary conditions. When these drugs are overused—by humans or animals—some bacteria become antibiotic-resistant， threatening the future effectiveness of these medicines. Public-health officials say antibiotic resistance is one of the leading human health threats of our time. There has been massive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. The most abundant use of antimicrobials worldwide are in livestock； they are typically distributed in animal feed or water for purposes such as disease prevention and growth promotion. Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics and insufficient infection control in health care facilities can contribute to drug resistance and put patients at risk for deadly infections.

“抗生素濫用”的危害

Overuse is one reason antibiotics are losing their punch， making infections harder to treat. Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause bacteria or other microbes to change so antibiotics don‘t work against them. This is called bacterial resistance or antibiotic resistance. Treating these resistant bacteria requires higher doses of medicine or stronger antibiotics. Because of antibiotic overuse， certain bacteria have become resistant to even the most powerful antibiotics available today. Antibiotic resistance is a widespread problem. Bacteria that were once highly responsive to antibiotics have become more and more resistant. Among those that are becoming harder to treat are pneumococcal infections （which cause pneumonia， ear infections， sinus infections， and meningitis）， skin infections， and tuberculosis. In addition to antibiotic resistance， misusing antibiotics can lead to other problems. Antibiotics kill many different bacteria， even the good ones that help keep the body healthy. Sometimes taking antibiotics can cause a person to develop diarrhea due to a lack of good bacteria that help digest food properly. In some cases， bad bacteria， may overgrow and cause infections.

應(yīng)對(duì)“抗生素濫用”的舉措

Now more than ever is the time for public health authorities and health care facilities to work together. Health departments， track and alert health care facilities to drug-resistant outbreaks in their area. Health care facilities， work with public health authorities to share information about antibiotic-resistant germs to stop their spread. With effective infection control and antibiotic stewardship efforts， we could save 37，000 lives over five years.

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