“2021醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語熱點(diǎn)話題：阿爾茲海默癥”相信是準(zhǔn)備參加全國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)一考試的朋友比較關(guān)注的事情，為此，醫(yī)學(xué)教育網(wǎng)小編整理內(nèi)容如下：

醫(yī)學(xué)考博題中多次出現(xiàn)的“爆款”，老年疾病類的話題，這次給大家重點(diǎn)推薦，AD——Alzheimer's disease 阿爾茲海默癥。也是希望在臨床一線奮斗的小伙伴們，省時(shí)省力，輕松把握考博的出題方向。

不信你扒一扒2007年，2009年，2013年～2016年的閱讀題目中，都有直接的AD相關(guān)試題出現(xiàn)。也就是說，10年試題它出現(xiàn)了6次之多。下面給大家整理了一些英文材料。

Every four seconds， someone is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

平均每4秒就會(huì)有一個(gè)人被診斷患有阿茲海默癥。

It's the most common cause of dementia， affecting over 40 million people worldwide，

這是造成癡呆的頭號(hào)原因，影響著全球4千多萬人，

and yet finding a cure is something that still eludes researchers today.

然而研究人員至今也沒能找到治愈這種病的方法。

Dr. Alois Alzheimer， a German psychiatrist，

愛羅斯。阿茲海默博士一位德國(guó)精神病學(xué)家，

first described the symptoms in 1901 when he noticed that a particular hospital patient hadsome peculiar problems，

于1901年在注意到某一名患者的特有癥狀之后，首次描述了它。

including difficulty sleeping， disturbed memory， drastic mood changes， and increasingconfusion.

這名患者的特有癥狀包括入睡困難、記憶力異常、劇烈的情緒波動(dòng)以及越發(fā)嚴(yán)重的精神混亂。

When the patient passed away， Alzheimer was able to do an autopsy

當(dāng)這名病人去世之后，阿茲海默得以解剖尸體，

and test his idea that perhaps her symptoms were caused by irregularities in the brain'sstructure.

從而測(cè)試他的理論，也就是導(dǎo)致她那些病癥的原因是大腦內(nèi)部的一些不規(guī)律的現(xiàn)象。

What he found beneath the microscope were visible differences in brain tissue

在他顯微鏡下發(fā)現(xiàn)的是大腦組織中可見的，

in the form of misfolded proteins called plaques， and neurofibrillary tangles.

錯(cuò)誤折疊的蛋白質(zhì)，也就是神經(jīng)斑以及神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)。

Those plaques and tangles work together to break down the brain's structure.

這些神經(jīng)斑和神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)共同作用，毀壞了大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)。

Plaques arise when another protein in the fatty membrane surrounding nerve cells gets slicedup by a particular enzyme，

當(dāng)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞周圍的脂肪膜里面的蛋白質(zhì)被一種特定的酶切割成一片片

resulting in beta-amyloid proteins， which are sticky and have a tendency to clump together.

并形成有粘性的容易結(jié)塊的β-淀粉樣蛋白時(shí)，神經(jīng)斑就形成了。

That clumping is what forms the things we know as plaques.

結(jié)塊的時(shí)候就產(chǎn)生了我們所知道的“神經(jīng)斑”。

These clumps block signaling and， therefore， communication between cells，

這些塊狀的東西會(huì)阻擋信號(hào)傳遞，因此阻擋了細(xì)胞之間的交流，

and also seem to trigger immune reactions that cause the destruction of disabled nerve cells.

貌似還引發(fā)了導(dǎo)致受損的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞毀滅的免疫反應(yīng)。

In Alzheimer's disease， neurofibrillary tangles are built from a protein known as tau.

在阿茲海默癥中，神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)來源于一種名為“tau”的蛋白。

The brain's nerve cells contain a network of tubes that act like a highway for food moleculesamong other things.

大腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞包含了一個(gè)由很多管道組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這些管道像是食物分子在其他物質(zhì)中的高速公路。

Usually， the tau protein ensures that these tubes are straight， allowing molecules to passthrough freely.

通常，tau蛋白會(huì)確保這些管道的筆直順暢，好讓各種分子自由通過。

But in Alzheimer's disease， the protein collapses into twisted strands or tangles，

但得了阿茲海默癥后，這些蛋白扭曲成一束束或纏結(jié)在一起，

making the tubes disintegrate， obstructing nutrients from reaching the nerve cell and leadingto cell death.

造成那些管道的分解，使得營(yíng)養(yǎng)不能到達(dá)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的死亡。

The destructive pairing of plaques and tangles starts in a region called the hippocampus，

神經(jīng)斑和神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)的共同作惡始于一個(gè)叫做海馬體的區(qū)域，

which is responsible for forming memories.

這個(gè)區(qū)域?qū)ｉT負(fù)責(zé)記憶的形成。

That's why short-term memory loss is usually the first symptom of Alzheimer's.

這就是為什么短期記憶喪失通常是阿茲海默癥的第一個(gè)癥狀。

The proteins then progressively invade other parts of the brain，

接著這些蛋白會(huì)逐漸侵犯大腦的其他部位，

creating unique changes that signal various stages of the disease.

阿茲海默癥的各個(gè)不同階段的特殊癥狀逐漸出現(xiàn)。

At the front of the brain， the proteins destroy the ability to process logical thoughts.

在大腦前面的部位，這些蛋白會(huì)破壞邏輯思考的能力。

Next， they shift to the region that controls emotions， resulting in erratic mood changes.

接著，它們轉(zhuǎn)移到大腦控制情感的部位，從而導(dǎo)致不穩(wěn)定的情緒波動(dòng)。

At the top of the brain， they cause paranoia and hallucinations，

在大腦頂部，它們會(huì)造成妄想癥和幻覺，

and once they reach the brain's rear， the plaques and tangles work together to erase themind's deepest memories.

而一旦它們到達(dá)大腦后部，神經(jīng)斑和神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)會(huì)共同作用，抹去大腦最深處的記憶。

Eventually the control centers governing heart rate and breathing are overpowered as wellresulting in death.

最終，掌控心跳和呼吸的控制中心也會(huì)受到侵犯，并導(dǎo)致死亡。

The immensely destructive nature of this disease has inspired many researchers to look for acure

阿茲海默癥的這種巨大的破壞力，激發(fā)了很多研究人員去尋找一個(gè)治療方案，

but currently they're focused on slowing its progression.

但是目前他們主要專注于研究如何延緩疾病惡化。

One temporary treatment helps reduce the break down of acetylcholine， an important chemicalmessenger in the brain

一個(gè)暫時(shí)的治療方案可以減少乙酰膽堿的分解，乙酰膽堿是大腦里面的一種重要的化學(xué)信使，

which is decreased in Alzheimer's patients due to the death of the nerve cells that make it.

阿茲海默癥病人由于制造乙酰膽堿的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的死亡而缺乏這種化學(xué)信使。

Another possible solution is a vaccine

另一個(gè)可能的解決方案是一種疫苗，

that trains the body's immune system to attack beta-amyloid plaques before they can formclumps.

這種疫苗可以訓(xùn)練身體免疫系統(tǒng)在β-淀粉樣蛋白斑形成結(jié)塊之前攻擊它們。

But we still need to find an actual cure.

不過我們?nèi)匀恍枰业揭环N真正的治療方案。

Alzheimer's disease was discovered more than a century ago， and yet still it is not wellunderstood.

阿茲海默癥早在一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以前就已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)了，而我們至今卻還沒有完全了解它。

Perhaps one day we'll grasp the exact mechanisms at work behind this threat and a solutionwill be unearthed.

也許有一天我們會(huì)明白這個(gè)威脅背后的具體機(jī)制，并發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)解決方案。

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